The Centrality of Gender, Sexuality, Race, Sociability and...

In Slumming by Chad Heap the author describes the true reality of slumming, and how it was more wide spread than what it appear just in the surface. Heap defines slumming, as he concentrate on cities like Chicago and New York, that were provide with entertainment. This entertainment would come from immigrants, blacks, gays and bohemians during a period of large scale immigration in this cities. The author explains in detail the culture of slumming, as well as how it helps to produce the sex/gender/racial system. Heap also argues how the different participants in slumming affect one another. The impact between the different interactions among different races, classes and gender was as well discussed in detail by the author. Finally Heap†¦show more content†¦Thanks to slumming the middle class was provided with a new way to define its own social and moral superiority. It also created reformers that were against slumming, but this produced more amusement as it created more seek ers. â€Å"the presence of reformers—especially female reformers—on the streets and in the tenements and dives of these districts paradoxically suggested that such spaces were safe for popular congregation, and reformers’ activities in the cities’ slums and red-light districts were often remarkably similar to those of their pleasure-seeking compatriots † (18). As more people were attracted to slumming it created a mix of social classes that broke the social bounties and chains that keep society in a hierarchy. Heap argues that slumming promoted social mixing and change the racial and sexual system. Many opportunities for slum residents as whites’ interest more in slumming culture grow. Some slums stated to offer tours of the slums to attract more customers. Slumming gave the opportunities to cross over class lines as well as ethic boundaries; but more importantly it gave the opportunity to explore ones sexual identity. The slums were a place for sexual exploration in where people were not judge for trying to discover ones sexuality. Sexual norms were different in the slum, for example men who were consider to be straight could have a sexual relationship with â€Å"fairies† in the slums. Fairies were

“Death of a Salesman” by Arthur Miller Free Essays

A play in which the title is significant but not obviously so is â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller. In â€Å"Death of a Salesman† Miller explores the capitalism of 1940s America and how the American Dream does not benefit everyone in the business world. Willy Loman, the main character in the play, became a salesman after the death of another elderly salesman who could make money without leaving his hotel room. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was this salesman and how well liked he was that inspired Willy to become a salesman as he wanted to be well liked as Dave Singleman. Willy mentions on multiple occasions how well liked he was and that at his own funeral he wanted many people to be present as they had been at Dave Singleman’s funeral â€Å"When he died, hundreds of salesmen and buyers were at his funeral. † Like Dave Singleman Willy wanted people to come from all over the country to mourn him this sympathy towards him as this is a highly unlikely situation and he therefore is setting himself and his family into a deluded scene that will never be witnessed. Similar essay: Realism and Expressionism in Death of a Salesman Willy also wants to die the honourable death, which he now associates with being a salesman as he idolises Dave Singleman â€Å"He died the death of a salesman, in his green velvet slippers†¦ † However at the conclusion of the play it is clear that Willy Loman did not die the honourable death he so desired as no one from the business world arrived at his funeral only his wife, two sons, Charley and Bernard were present which also demonstrates how deluded Willy was in the life he led as he honestly believed his funeral would be of a similar scale to Dave Singleman’s. This evokes sympathy towards Willy as he did not die his ideal death of a salesman and seems to live by measuring how successful people are by the size of their funeral and therefore his own funeral reflects truly how unsuccessful his career as a salesman was. In â€Å"Death of a Salesman† Willy suffers a metaphorical death, the death of his dream of financial success. By the plays conclusion Willy is jobless and broke. Willy has a conversation with his brother Ben, who has been dead for some time, and concludes the best future for his family, especially Biff whom Willy is desperate to become successful, would be for him to kill himself as the insurance company would pay out $20, 000, enough to make Biff successful in Willy’s mind, â€Å"you end up worth more dead than alive. The irony of Willy killing himself is that he is killing himself to give Biff money in order for him to become a successful business man however the insurance company will not make a payout for suicide and Biff has no intention of following in his father’s footsteps. This evokes sympathy for Willy as he is trying to do the best for his family however he still cannot provide for them even through his death. During the play â€Å"Death of a Salesman† the title is significant as there is a physical death of a salesman in the respect that Willy dies and he is a salesman. Through killing himself Willy hopes to provide the financial support, which he has been failing to gain for many years, for his family that is required. The death of Willy is not honourable as he desires and is sorry ending to his unsuccessful life in business. In conclusion the title of the play is significant as it in further understanding of the events, which occur in the play. Miller uses the title to convey both a physical and metaphorical death and in order for the reader to understand the ending to their full capability. How to cite â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller, Essay examples

The General Prologue Essay Paper Example For Students

The General Prologue Essay Paper By a close examination of two or three of the portraits in the Gen Prologue,  discuss the ways in which Chaucer considered corruption to be active among  those with religious responsibilities  It is clear from studying the General Prologue that Chaucer considered corruption to be active among those with religious responsibilities. To prove this I will examine the Monk and the Friar. Monks were part of a religious community and were vowed to poverty, chastity and obedience. But straight away from studying his portrait it is clear that he does not strictly follow these requirements. He is said to loved venerie and Ful many a deyntee hors hadde he in stable. It was forbidden for monks to have many horses this shows that not only does he not care for poverty but he also clearly has no regard for obedience. The bells on his horse were said to be so loud men mighte his bridel here ginglen in a whistlinge wind als cleere and eek as loude as dooth the chapel belle. This shows that for him the bells of his horse were louder and therefore more important than the bells of the church. The Monk was an example of many contemporaries of Chaucers who had no regard for the old values of the world such as religious dedication but were more concerned with the ideas of the new world, such as pleasure-seeking, This ilke Monk leet olde thinges pace, and heeld after the newe world the space.  The Monks love of hunting clearly interferes with his work and he is hardly a dedicated worshipper or indeed a supporter of religion or his job. He questions the point in keeping clergy confined to meaningless tasks, How shal the world be served? He is tempted by the thrills of hunting and fine clothes, Hunting for the hare was al his lust, for no cost wolde he spare. This shows that he put hunting above anything else. It is also noted that He hadde of gold ywroght a ful curious pin. He clearly took pleasure in fine clothes. The Monk is said to enjoy swan the most out of all the roasts. This is a sign of pure indulgence as the swan was expensive and hard to prepare. Although he is clearly corrupt, Chaucer does show his respect for him. He describes him as nat pale as a forpined goost. Throughout the General Prologue Chaucer shows respect for those who have some life in their skin. It shows that he is an active and passionate man. But this does not hide his corruption; no other Monk was as involved in dalliance as he was.  The Friar is equally corrupt if not more. Friars differed from Monks as they were licensed to beg and leave their cloister. Chaucer uses very ironic language throughout the portrait of the Friar. He talks of the way the Friar would marry off young poor girls at his owene cost. On closer examination this is probably to avoid scandal as he most probably seduced these girls. The first sign of irony comes when Chaucer speaks of the Friar as a noble post. Irony again is used when Chaucer describes his familiarity with worthy women. These women are definitely not worthy and are most likely victims of the Friars seduction. The Friar was licensed to hear confession but he uses this to his own advantage by offering terms of absolution for a price. This is extremely corrupt and shows that he lacks basic morals. The Friar believes that paying for absolution is more valuable than weeping or crying, For unto a povre ordre for to yive is signe that a man is wel yshrive.  Chaucer describes the Friar as having a nekke whit as the flour-de-lys. This is unfavourable as Chaucer describes honourable and healthy pilgrims to be tanned such as the Shipman. .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4 , .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4 .postImageUrl , .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4 , .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4:hover , .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4:visited , .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4:active { border:0!important; } .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4:active , .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4 .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1ecd256f507e947aecdecdcf01f085a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Christmas Carol Argumentative EssayChaucer depicts the Friar as an indulgent man who isnt a charitable Christian at all. This is backed up by, he knew the taverns wel in every toun and everich hostiler and tappestere bet than a lazar or a beggestere. Knowing taverns and barmaids better than leppars or beggars shows that he has no real concern for the plight of the less worthy but cares only for indulgence. Chaucer again uses irony, describing the Friar as a worthy man. The Friar believes that he shouldnt bother spending time with leppars but only with people for his own profit. This again shows extreme lack of charity. More scathing irony is used as Chaucer informs us th at if a chance of profit should arise the Friar would become courteous, this is confirmed by the way he is described by Chaucer, there was no man nowher so verteous. Another example of the Friars corruptness is the way he uses his religious position to beg more effectively. Chaucer describes an occasion where a widow with hardly any money to speak of was so moved by his words that she donated money. The Friar again shows a lack of care for anyone but himself, taking money from a woman with practically none shows true corruption. The Friar, like the Monk was a lover of fine clothes and is written to wear a cape made of very expensive fabric, Of double worstede was his semicope.

Nathuram Godse Essay Example

Nathuram Godse Essay Thursday, January 29, 1998 Published at 19:05 GMT World The life and death of Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi: 1869 1948 | | Eyewitness account of Gandhis assassination by Robert Stimson for the BBC on Jan 30, 1948 (315)| | Fifty years ago on January 30, 1948, Indias Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, was assassinated. Gandhi, one of the worlds most famous pacifists, was killed by a fellow Hindu.The name mahatma means great soul, and his philosophy of peaceful resistance is widely credited with having forced the peaceful end of British rule of India in 1947, the year before his death. He was born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi on October 2, 1869, into a family of merchants. Breaking with caste tradition, he went to England to study law when he was 19. His fellow students shunned him because he was an Indian. It was in London that he read Henry David Thoreaus Civil Disobedience, which inspired his principle of non-violence. | Remembering Gandhi|He returned to India in 1891. But two years later he left again, this time for South Africa where he was to stay for 20 years. He was the countrys first coloured lawyer to be admitted to the bar. Deeply troubled by the countrys racism towards Indians, he founded the Natal Indian Congress to agitate for Indian rights in 1894. There he also developed his politics of peaceful protests. In 1906, he announced he would go to jail or even die before obeying an anti-Asian law. Thousands of Indians joined him in this civil disobedience campaign, and he was twice imprisoned.Back in India He returned to India in 1914, and began campaigning for home rule and the reconciliation of all classes and religious groups. In 1919 he became a leader in the newly-formed Indian National Congress party. The following year Gandhi launched a campaign of non-cooperation with the British authorities, urging Indians to boycott British courts and government, and spin their own fabrics to replace British goods. This led to his imprisonment fro m 1922-1924. | Thousands marched over 200 miles in protest over Salt taxes| By 1930 M.K. Gandhi had a mass following. To protest against the British salt monopoly and the salt tax, he led thousands of Indians on a 200 mile (320km) march to the Indian ocean to make their own salt. Again, he was jailed. Gandhi had become convinced that India could never be truly free as long as it remained part of the British Empire. At the beginning of the Second World War he demanded independence as Indias price for helping Britain during the war. Independence and partition India finally won independence in 1947.But for Mahatma Gandhi, triumph was tempered with disappointment over the violent partitioning of the country into India and Pakistan. | Violent riots broke out over partition| Nearly one million people died in the riots that ensued between Hindus and Muslims. Mahatma Gandhi had always been against the partition. The year before he had said, Before partitioning India, my body will have to be cut into two pieces. But the alternative to partition was thought to be civil war between Hindus and Muslims, and so at the last minute Gandhi urged the Congress Party to accept partition. Gandhis great grandson, Tushar, remembering Mahatma| When he saw the extent of the bloodshed, Mahatma Gandhi again turned to non-violent protest. He went on a hunger strike, saying he would not eat until the violence stopped and India gave back the 550 m rupees (about ? 40m) that it was holding from Pakistan. But his efforts to achieve reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims eventually brought him death. He was assassinated by a fellow Hindu, Nathuram Godse, who felt that Gandhi had betrayed the Hindu cause.Mahatma Gandhi, aged 78, was on the way to a prayer meeting, when he was shot three times in the chest and died on January 30, 1948. - Top of Form Advanced options | Search tips Bottom of Form Back to top | BBC News Home | BBC Homepage | Â © | | | | Africa | Americas | Asia-Pacific | Europ e | Middle East | South Asia| | Relevant Stories 29 Jan 98Â  |Â  World The lost legacy of Mahatma Gandhi | | | Internet Links The MK Gandhi Institute for non-violence Mahatma Gandhi great pacifists | The BBC is not responsible for the content of external internet sites. | | In this section From Business Microsoft trial mediator appointed Violence greets Clinton visit From Entertainment Taxman scoops a million Safety chief deplores crash speculation Bush calls for American internationalism Hurricane Lenny abates EU fraud: a billion dollar bill Russian forces pound Grozny Senate passes US budget Boy held after US school shooting Cardinal may face loan-shark charges Sudan power struggle denied Sharif: Im innocentFrom Business Vodafone takeover battle heats up Indias malnutrition crisis Next steps for peace Homeless suffer as quake toll rises Dam builders charged in bribery scandal Burundi camps too dire to help DiCaprio film trial begins Memorial for bonfire dead Spy allegations bug South Africa Senate leaders dismissal a good omen Tamil rebels consolidate gains New constitution for Venezuela Hurricane pounds Caribbean Millennium sect heads for the hills South African gays take centre stage Lockerbie trial judges named | | |

Quotes from Faulkners A Rose for Emily

Quotes from Faulkners A Rose for Emily A Rose for Emily is a short story by Pulitzer Prize-winning author William Faulkner. Its one of the most popular (and controversial) works, and its also often discussed in literature classrooms. Quotes from Faulkners A Rose for Emily Alive, Miss Emily had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town, dating from that day in 1894 when Colonel Sartoris, the mayor he who fathered the edict that no Negro woman should appear on the streets without an apron-remitted her taxes, the dispensation dating from the death of her father on into perpetuity. They rose when she entered a small, fat woman in black, with a thin gold chain descending to her waist and vanishing into her belt, leaning on an ebony cane with a tarnished gold head. Her skeleton was small and spare; perhaps that was why what would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her. She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue. Her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough as they moved from one face to another while the visitors stated their errand. We had long thought of them as a tableau, Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door. So when she got to be thirty and was still single, we were not pleased exactly, but vindicated; even with insanity in the family she wouldnt have turned down all of her chances if they had really materialized. We did not say she was crazy then. We believed she had to do that. We remembered all the young men her father had driven away, and we knew that with nothing left, she would have to cling to that which had robbed her, as people will. She carried her head high enough even when we believed that she was fallen. It was as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson; as if it had wanted that touch of earthiness to reaffirm her imperviousness. I want the best you have. I dont care what kind. When we next saw Miss Emily, she had grown fat and her hair was turning gray. During the next few years it grew grayer and grayer until it attained an even pepper-and-salt iron-gray, when it ceased turning. Up to the day of her death at seventy-four it was still that vigorous iron-gray, like the hair of an active man. Thus she passed from generation to generation dear, inescapable, impervious, tranquil, and perverse. Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron-gray hair.

Solutions, Suspensions, Colloids, and Dispersions

Solutions, Suspensions, Colloids, and Dispersions Solutions, suspensions, colloids, and other dispersions are similar but have characteristics that set each one apart from the others. Solutions A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components. The dissolving agent is the solvent. The substance that  is dissolved is the solute. The components of a solution are atoms, ions, or molecules, making  them 10-9 m or smaller in diameter. Example: Sugar and water Suspensions The particles in suspensions are larger than those found in solutions. Components of a suspension can be evenly distributed by mechanical means, like by shaking the contents but the components will eventually settle out. Example: Oil and water Colloids Particles intermediate in size between those found in solutions and suspensions can be mixed in such a way that they remain evenly distributed without settling out. These particles range in size from 10-8 to 10-6 m in size and are termed colloidal particles or colloids. The mixture they form is called a colloidal dispersion. A colloidal dispersion consists of colloids in a dispersing medium. Example: Milk Other Dispersions Liquids, solids, and gasses all may be mixed to form colloidal dispersions. Aerosols: Solid or liquid particles in a gasExamples: Smoke is solid in a gas. Fog is a liquid in a gas. Sols: Solid particles in a liquidExample: Milk of Magnesia is a sol with solid magnesium hydroxide in water. Emulsions: Liquid particles in a liquidExample: Mayonnaise is oil in water. Gels: Liquids in solidExamples: Gelatin is protein in water. Quicksand is sand in water. Telling Them Apart You can tell suspensions from colloids and solutions because the components of suspensions will eventually separate. Colloids can be distinguished from solutions using the Tyndall effect. A beam of light passing through a true solution, such as air, is not visible. Light passing through a colloidal dispersion, such as smoky or foggy air, will be reflected by the larger particles and the light beam will be visible.

Undertaking the Analysis of a House and a Unit Essay - 1

Undertaking the Analysis of a House and a Unit - Essay Example Clayton is located at the middle of Liverpool City Centre. The house consists of three bedrooms, two bathrooms, and has got a garage and is pet friendly as the unit discussed above. The furniture is not sold together with the house and the person interested should incur extra costs to buy furniture or to pay for those which he or she will get in the house. Anyone wishing to rent the house should as well pay the house deposit together with the rent for the month of entry into the house. The house is spacious and comfortable and is close to the Clayton Station as it takes less than five minutes to reach the station from the house (Jeanette, 2012). There are essentials which have to be considered when it comes to the inspection of a house or a unit that one may want to purchase or rent. Some of them are the details of how the house has been constructed or built, the coverings of the floor and the walls, and finally the convenience of the house setting. However, the process of inspection starts with inspecting the overall appearance of the house or the unit. This means that a person has to identify the location of the house, whether the location is strategic and safe. One has to look at the houses of similar or almost the same age so as to see the difference or the similarity that these houses have. This will help in determining the best kind of houses and that which is according to the standards that one wants to buy or rent from. The general inspection of the house will help the client come up with an idea of how they can be come up with ways of ensuring cleanliness and tidiness within and outside the house (Koulizos, 2012). After the inspection has been done on the nature of the hose and the unit, the client would look at the exterior front of that particular house. This is done in order to have a complete view of the house on each face of that house. This will help in

Journal 6 - World Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Journal 6 - World Literature - Essay Example They fought with each other to death and this incidence amused the spectators and same incidence was repeated after many years, the passengers of the boat amused themselves by throwing the coins on natives and when the writer requested the lady who started it to stop, her response was, â€Å"I love charity.† The Carbide Tower, which rises in the middle of Buna and whose top is rarely visible in the fog, was built by us. Its bricks were called Ziegel, briques, tegula, cegli, kamenny, mattoni, teglak, and they were cemented by hate; hate and discord, like the Tower of Babel, and it is this that we call it: —Babelturm, Bobelturm; and in it we hate the insane dream of grandeur of our masters, their contempt for God and men, for us men. Is the expression from the memoir A Good day. The tower of hate was built by the captives and it was an insane dream of their masters. And presently that building stands as a curse of divine and Germens also feel that. At sunset, the siren of the Feierabend   sounds, the end of work; and as we are all satiated, at least for a few hours, no quarrels arise, we feel good, the Kapo feels no urge to hit us, and we are able to think of our mothers and wives, which usually does not happen. For a few hours we can be unhappy in the manner of free men. This extract also explains the plight of the workers in the camp. It is the day when they have a stomach full. There is a certain change in everyone’s attitude. Everyone is satisfied and there is no grumbling and fights that arise due to empty or half full stomachs and in fact their leader doesn’t feel any urge to hit them. The irony is when the stomach is full the near and dear one’s are remembered. The above three examples from the Memoirs relate how effectively they take the readers into flash back and evoke the images as they have happened just before the reader’s eyes. As both these memoirs are the survivor type in nature they are able to capture writers struggle and sufferings. It does not just appear before the reader as a fiction but with a personal reconstruction and impact. 3. Destruction was caused or perpetrated by individuals who neither felt nor expressed any remorse for their actions; one of the leaders that fall in this list is Saddam Hussein. He was born on 28 April 1937 in the village of al-Awja, near Tikrit, on the Tigris River in northwest Iraq, into a landless but influential Sunni family. He was a member of the al-Khatab clan. Saddam later fabricated his genealogy to claim direct descent from the Prophet Mohammed. He had a battered childhood as his father abandoned his mother when she was pregnant with him and he was brought up in the custody of his maternal uncle as his mother remarried. With such emotionless up bringing Saddam never felt remorse for

Sedaris Essay Through the Readers Eyes Essay Example for Free

Sedaris Essay Through the Readers Eyes Essay David Sedaris’ â€Å"Me Talk Pretty One Day† adds a comedic touch to his experience of learning a foreign language. The essay takes place in France where he is taking a French class to learn the language; he believes this class will be simple. His professor verbally attacks each student, which defeats Sedaris’ spirit for learning the language. He recognizes his language skills are not up to par with his classmates so he studies every night. He then stops participating in class because he feels that everything he says is incorrect. Sedaris realizes learning a language can’t be done with just textbook concepts but with understanding the language itself through experience. Sedaris uses descriptive language and comedy to appeal to his audience and keep them interested. Sedaris uses descriptive language to keep the readers interest through the story. When a classmate fails to know a verb tense Sedaris described that â€Å"the teacher poked her eyelid with a freshly sharpen pencil† (585). Sedaris uses words that describe the scene exactly as the reader would see it through their own eyes. He uses colorful words to paint a picture in our minds. This descriptive language keeps the reader alert to what is happening in the essay. Also in Sedaris’ essay, since he does not completely understand what his teacher says he creates jargon to substitute for some of the words. Sedaris’ writes, â€Å"If you not meimslsxp or lgpdmurct by this time, then you should not be in this room† (555). Having jargon in the essay keeps the readers engaged because at first glance you may over look these words, but looking deeper you see that Sedaris really doesn’t understand the key words his professor is saying. Sedaris essay is uneventful and could be characterized as dry but with his humor it helps bring the essay to life to keep the reader on their toes. His style of writing grabs the reader’ attention and keeps it throughout the essay by using humor and painting a picture. Worked Citied Sedaris, David. Me Talk Pretty One Day. 100 Greatest Essay. 4th ed. New York: Penguin Academics, 2008. Print.

AIDS Resistance Genes :: Biology

The What AIDS researchers have recently uncovered a genetic trait that may provide protection against HIV-1. A "defect" that could account for unexplained cases of individuals that seem to have an immunity or protection against HIV-1. They are calling the trait an "AIDS Resistance Gene". What is an AIDS-Resitance Gene? This is just one of the questions our group inquired about when we began our investigations into the latest of AIDS research. AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, AIDS, is a serious disease that becomes more and more common in our nation and around the world. AIDS is defined by certain criteria established by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention based on lab evidence such as T4 cell count, the presence of certain diseases, and other conditions. WHAT CAUSES AIDS? This disease is caused by the virus known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) (Structure of HIV), which attacks cells in the immune system, leading to the system's inability to resist harmful organisms. It damages the cells in the immune system, causing the body to lose the ability to fight off infections and diseases. During the course of infection, CD4 T-cells (a special type of infection-fighting white blood cells) are disabled and killed as their numbers decline. From 1981, when the first cases of AIDS were reported, through mid-1995, more than 476,000 individuals had contracted AIDS in the U.S. More than 295,000 of these individuals died. These numbers do not include those infected with HIV. Without symptoms of AIDS, nearly 1 million Americans have been infected with HIV through the mid-1990's. An estimated 19 million individuals world-wide have been infected with AIDS since the late 1970's. History Research has lead some to believe that HIV arose in Africa from retroviruses of monkeys. It is said that urbanization and the change in traditional lifestyles brought HIV-1 to the cities. It then spread to other parts of the world. However, it is proven that HIV-1 has been in circulation since 1959, because antibodies to HIV-1 have been detected in stored frozen blood samples taken from individuals in Zaire in 1959 and the United States in 1968. AIDS was first officially detected in the United States in 1981 in New York and California. In 1981 doctors found what they thought was a rare form of cancer called Kaposi's Sarcoma in many males. These patients also had signs of a type of pneumonia called Pneumocystits which occurs when one's immune system is not functioning well.

Consumer Promotion Essay

I expect this report to fulfill the requirements of my internship program (BBA 449) at Unilever Bangladesh Limited. I have put in my best efforts to make this report a success. However, I am sure that this report could have been a more superior one, if it had not been my first time to conduct such a relational study. However this has obviously been a great source of learning for me to conduct similar research studies in future. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to you for your guidance and suggestions in preparing the report. I will be happy to provide any further explanation regarding this research report if necessary. Thanking You. Sincerely yours, Muhammad Mashfiq Huq ID# 0131001 Acknowledgements In preparing this report a considerable amount of thinking and informational inputs from various sources were involved. I express my sincere gratitude to everyone who contributed towards making this research report possible. Major contributions were received from officials at Unilever Bangladesh Limited and Independent University, Bangladesh. First of all I would like to thank the authorities of Unilever Bangladesh Limited to give me the prized opportunity to do my internship at their prestigious organization. The experience and knowledge gained at Unilever Bangladesh Limited helped me immensely to address and understand all the elements related to my report, which I otherwise would not have understood so well. I would like to specially thank my supervisor at Unilever Bangladesh Limited, Mr Rajeeb Bhattacharjee, Product Group Manager for Wheel, for his absolute support, co-operation and encouragement that he extended to me from the very first day. In spite of having a very busy schedule, he made sure in every way that I acquire the best possible exposure and knowledge during my tenure as an intern under him. My sincere gratitude goes to my internship supervisor Mr. Muzahid Akbar, for encouraging me at the very first place, to undertake such a relational study to fulfill my internship requirements. He gave all the time and attention, which I needed to complete my research and compile my report in as much orderly way as possible. Last but not the least I would like to thank the respondents of my survey, for sparing the time to fill out the questionnaires. This research would not have been possible without their valuable inputs. Correlation matrix of the study variables 3. Stepwise regression on Product Quality Perceptions 4. Stepwise regression on Brand Loyalty 13 15 16 17 Executive Summary This paper is directed towards exploring the relationship between consumer promotion, price perception, product quality perceptions and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. Through sizeable literature review and discussions it is known that there is considerable correlation that exists among the study variables mentioned above. The data sampling was conducted on the customers of different brands of detergents. A structured questionnaire was used to find out the views of people regarding consumer promotion in detergent brands, price perceptions about the promoted brands of detergent, product quality perceptions about those brands and also to find out about brand loyalty in the detergent markets. A correlation analysis and a stepwise regression analysis were run on the collected data to analytically explore the relations and their extent. It was found that consumer promotion is positively correlated with the product quality perceptions and brand loyalty of those brands. Meaning that if a person views the consumer promotion positively, then his/ her perception of the product quality about a promoting brand will be proportionately high. It also means that the chances of the same person being brand loyal towards that brand would also be high. There is a positive correlation of price perception with perceived quality and brand loyalty. According to this, if the perceived prices of the promoted brands are fair then it would have positive effects on product quality perception and brand loyalty of that brand. It has also been found that product quality perceptions about promoted brands are positively correlated with brand loyalty of those brands. Overall consumer promotions are expected to give positive results with the people who have positive views about consumer promotion and who can be influenced by promotional efforts. So while deciding about consumer promotion it should be thought in advance that who is the consumer promotion activity aimed at. This way wastage of large amounts of money can be avoided by spending on ineffective consumer promotion activity. Every effort should be given to make the consumers think that the prices of the promoted brand are fair, even when there is no promotional activity is undertaken. Though there is a tendency in the detergent market to provide frequent promotional offers, yet the perceived quality should in no way go down because there is a good possibility that the brand loyalty would also go down. Introduction Bangladesh has a detergent market of about 8. 8 billion taka of which Unilever occupies a share of 30% making it the market leader. The major competitor brands in the detergent market for Unilever are Keya, Chaka and Tibet. To fight this steep competition the above mentioned companies constantly run consumer promotion in hope to sell more than the respective competitors. Although this strategy worked well at first but with the passage of time, the intense consumer promotions have done little to prevent Unilever from loosing shares to its competitors. In 2004, Wheel, Unilever’s largest detergent brand ran about nine consumer promotions where as in 2005 it ran no consumer promotions at all. Consumer promotion over all is a very expensive affair. Unilever has the largest brands of detergent and so the cost of providing a consumer promotion offer is also large by the same proportion. Besides the competitor brands are known to involve in some unfair practices. They pay a very low wage rate to their labours so overhead costs are low, they under invoice their imported raw materials so that they can evade import taxes and other duties, so they save a lot of money in the process. They can then utilize this money for consumer promotion and other competitive activities that can earn them a higher share of the market. Therefore it is imperative that consumer promotions and other dependant elements have to be studied, to make sure that if a consumer promotion activity is implemented it is a highly effective one. This way, precious monetary resources have the minimum chances of being wasted. To understand the competition in the detergent market better price perceptions and product quality perceptions about the brands of detergent on promotion are also considered being worth studying. To look at market share issues, the brand loyalty element should also be explored. Statement of the Problem There are many companies that are operating to serve the detergent markets; as a result the competition has heightened. Consumer promotions are being heavily used in the detergent markets to increase sales of each available brand. Consumer promotions, when implemented use up a lot monetary resources. Failure to implement the consumer promotion activity effectively may result in major loss of money. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between consumer promotions, price perceptions with product quality perceptions and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. Research Timeline 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 October November November 20 November 28 December 6 Research proposal writing and literature rivew Data collection (surveys etc. ) Data analysis and interpretation Draft submission of research report Submission of research report Limitations There are vast amounts of information and write-ups relating to the topics of this research that are present in the internet and various other sources, but it was not possible to gain access to many such information. So missing out some important aspect of the discussed topics can be a possibility. There is a major time constraint in doing the research work and preparing the report, a much larger pool of information could have been dealt with if there was more time to analyze them. A minimal sample size will be used for this research; if a larger sample was taken into consideration the research would have been more accurate. The survey will be conducted in Dhaka city which could be a possible reason for the people’s mind set to be similar and survey results not being very different from each other, the results could be different if people from outside metropolitan cities were brought under consideration. Review of Literature Consumer Promotion Sales promotions as we know is a very important component of marketing promotion. Consumer promotion (e. g. coupons, samples, contests, sweepstakes, and price packs) is a part of sales promotion that is targeted towards the final buyers of consumer products (Kotler and Armstrong, 2002). There can be various types of consumer sales promotion some are incentive based while others are communicative in nature (Kotler et al. , 1999; Tellis, 1998). The incentive based promotions can be price – oriented promotion or non price-oriented promotion. According to Britannica (article 21279) advertising presents a reason to buy a product but consumer promotion offers a short-term incentive to purchase. Consumer promotions often attract brand switchers (those who are not loyal to a specific brand) who are looking primarily for low price and good value. Thus, especially in markets where products are highly similar, consumer promotions can cause a short-term increase in sales. Abraham and Lodish (1987) stated that many consumer goods categories sold 90% of their volume on special deals which is a result of consumer promotion. Consumer promotion is thought to be a tool that helps manufacturers and retailers to achieve their objectives of generating sales (Alvarez and Casielles, 2004). They also stated that the influence of sales promotions on the consumer will also depend on the consumer’s characteristics Price Perceptions According to Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) price perception is about how customers see a product’s price, as high, low or fair. They also stated that perception of price unfairness affect consumers’ perceptions of value and ultimately their willingness to buy a product. According to Moore et al. (2003) years of research concerned with price show both positive and negative perceptions serve as marketplace cues. Several studies have also portrayed the role of price perceptions as an attribute to success (Jiang and Rosenbloom, 2004). When the price perceptions are high this is a sign of positive quality, prestige and status (Moore et al. , 2003). The concept of reference price is related to price perceptions. Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) stated that reference price is the price the consumers use as a basis for comparison in judging another price. It is through reference price that the price perception of a brand of product is formed. When the consumer plans to buy a product, he or she will judge prices comparatively with the reference prices in order to determine whether the price is acceptable or not (Alvarez and Casielles, 2004). They also stated that, a result of consumers’ comparison between the prices and the reference price, potential losses and gains emerge. The consumer perceives a gain when the reference price is higher than the observed price. If the observed price is higher than the reference price, the consumer experiences a loss. Product Quality Perceptions Product quality perceptions represent consumer judgment about the superiority of a product, which the user-based approaches think is essential in describing quality (Forker et al. , 1996). Bundles of attributes together represent a certain level of quality, which therefore provide utility to the customer (Snoj et al. , 2004). The benefits are measured through a perceived level of quality (level of working superiority), a bundle of attributes in comparison with the consumer’s expectations. Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) stated consumers often judge the quality of a product on the basis of a variety of informational cues that they associate with the product. They also stated that the cues can either be intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic cues are related to the physical characteristics of the product itself, like size, colour, flavour, aroma etc. The extrinsic cues on the other hand are related to elements that are put together with the actual product like packaging, pricing, advertising etc. The perceived quality of products and services is central to the theory that strong brands add value to consumers’ purchase evaluations (Low and Lamb, 2000). Brand Loyalty Brand loyalty is the ultimate desired outcome of consumer learning (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2004). According to Rawly and Dawes (1999) brand loyalty is the likelihood of positive attitudes and behaviours of consumers towards a particular brand, this could amount to repeat purchase and positive word of mouth. They also stated that a loyal customer base is an asset for a company and it reduces the need for seeking new customers. It is also a known fact that retaining current customers requires less money and effort than getting new ones. The strongest measure of brand value is the loyalty a company produces among customers (Aaker, 1996). According to Quester and Lim (2003) brand loyalty is known to have two components, namely attitudinal loyalty and behavioural loyalty. Behavioural loyalty is related to consistent purchase behaviour of a specific brand; it is the consumer’s overt purchase behaviour (Dikempe et al. , 1997) while attitudinal loyalty refers to a highly favourable attitude towards a particular brand. Rowley and Dawes (1999) stated that to understand brand loyalty better the following components of attitude model should be considered: 1. Cognitive component – associated with a â€Å"rational† decision making based on informational determinants. 2. Affective component – associated with emotions and feelings about the product or service. 3. Conative components – associated with a behavioral disposition. Relation between consumer promotion and product quality perceptions A primary reason for consumer promotion is to give an impression of greater quality and appeal to the potential customers (Alvarez and Casielles, 2004). Sales promotion influence the relative weighting of the utility factors and extends the perceived quality (Groth and Dye, 1999). Sales promotions can offer many benefits, the most obvious being monetary savings, and also motivation to perceive higher quality, convenience, value (Quock and Uncles, 2005). The way a consumer promotion is framed is likely to effect consumers’ perceptions of price, quality, value, and purchase intentions (Munger and Grewal, 2001). Ong (1997) on the other hand stated that there is a danger of unfavorable consumer perception as a result of consumer promotion activity like bonus packs etc. Consumers tend to think that at the normal price or offering they over pay for a given level of quality, so their quality perception is affected. Relationship between price perception and product quality perceptions The more quality a product possesses the more utility it contains and the more its price should be in the market (Sjolander, 1992). According to Sjolander (1992) it is very much expected that there is a very strong positive relation between perceived price and perceived quality. Perceived quality explains a considerable portion of the variance in the price the consumers are willing to pay for different brands (Low and Lamb, 2000). Unfavorable price perceptions may have a direct effect on customer intention to switch to a different brand, because the consumers might think that the price does not match quality (Jiang and Rosenbloom, 2004). Companies sometimes attempt to appeal to uninformed consumers by using high prices from start as a signal of high quality, with the belief that if they perceive the price of their products to be high then they automatically perceive the product quality to be high as well (Kalita et al. , 2004). Relationship between consumer promotion and brand loyalty According to Alvarez and Casielles (2004) promotions can have, as an effect, the consumer acquiring a brand that he or she would not otherwise try. They also stated that categories of products whose buyers are very loyal, consumer promotion activity like coupons etc that reward the loyalty could have a bigger effect. Srinivasan and Anderson (1998) acknowledged that many times sales promotions are used by new entrants to break consumers’ brand loyalty toward established brands. In the short run, established brands may be able to ignore sales promotions from new brands without serious loss of sales. Over the longer run, however, unless proper defensive and counter-offensive strategies are developed and implemented, established brands can gradually lose their loyal customer base. Dawes (2004) on the other hand stated that repeat buying rates that buying a brand on promotion decreases the likelihood of a subsequent purchase of that brand. Relationship between price perception and brand loyalty Alvarez and Casielles (2004) stated that when the consumer perceives a loss, the utility that the provides (brand) will diminish, and with it the likelihood of purchase will also go down. If, in contrast, the consumer perceives a gain, he or she will be more inclined to purchase the brand. Price perceptions are expected play an increased role in determining both post-purchase satisfaction and brand loyalty (Jiang and Rosenbloom, 2004). According to representative research higher perceived prices leads to expectation of higher perceived quality and value, in turn lead to higher levels of satisfaction of customers, greater levels of customer loyalty and retention and to a greater success of organizations (Snoj et al. , 2004). Relationship between quality perception and brand loyalty According to Ruyter and Wetzels (1997) the perceived quality is often viewed as a pre-requisite for loyalty and that perceived quality contributes positively to increase loyalty. They also stated that the influence of quality on preference loyalty generally varies per industry. Boulding et al. (1993) found positive relationships between quality and repurchase intentions and willingness to recommend to others. Because product quality perceptions influence value, efforts of marketers have focused on improving product quality in order to enhance perceptions of value, and consequently purchase intentions leading to loyalty (Grewal and Munger, 2001). The loyal customers, who gave indication that they would return, will be the internal level for managers to improve their quality in order to increase customer loyalty (Bowen and Chen, 2001). Research Question The following questions have to be addressed for the study: 1. Is there any significant relationship between consumer promotion and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 2. Is there any significant relationship between price perception and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 3. Is there any significant relationship between consumer promotion and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 4. Is there any significant relationship between price perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 5. Is there any significant relationship between product quality perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh? Hypothesis The hypothesis that can be derived from the research questions are: 1. There is significant relationship between consumer promotion and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh. 2. There is significant relationship between price perception and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh. There is significant relationship between consumer promotion and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. . There is significant relationship between price perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. 5. There is significant relationship between product quality perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. Development of Conceptual Framework †¢ Consumer Promotion †¢ Price Perception †¢ Product Quality Perception Figure 1 . Model 1: Conceptual Framework of research variables †¢ Consumer Promotion †¢ Price Perception †¢ Product Quality Perception †¢ Brand Loyalty Figure 2. Model 2: Conceptual Framework of research variables Methodology Research design The illustrations of the conceptual framework model 1 and 2 (Figure 1 and 2) above gives a visual idea of the relationship and structure that exists among the study variables. The main purpose of the research is to assess the existing correlation among the variables. This research is about exploring and understanding the relationship that exists between consumer promotion, price perception with product quality perceptions and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. Here in the first model (figure 1) the independent variables are assigned to be consumer promotions and price perceptions. The dependant variable on the other hand is product quality perception. In the second model (figure 2) the independent variables are consumer promotions, price perceptions and product quality perceptions, in this case the dependant variable is brand loyalty. So the researcher is attempting to find out, if any changes in the independent variable have a changing effect on the dependant ones as well, thereby proving that a relationship exists. The researcher also tried to find out the degree to which a change in the dependant variables has an impact on the independent ones, in other words the degree of relation is also explored here. Therefore the correlation study was chosen for this research. Sampling method The required data for this research was collected from the regular customers of detergents. There was no particular sample frame available for this research so convenience sampling was used, as it is also the cheapest and the easiest methods of sampling. The sample frame for this research consisted of shoppers (mainly house wives) at different shopping centres and stores etc, and also the parents of school children were included. In the shopping centres the researcher surveyed the people who seemed to be the most appropriate respondent for this kind of survey. The parents of kindergarten students, who spend time waiting for their kids outside the schools, were also surveyed, because they usually have a lot of time to spare and can give valuable inputs. Due to time constraints the survey was conducted in Dhaka city only. Over all there were about a 104 people who participated in the survey. Survey instrument A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire consists of different parts to gather information on the different variables under considerations. The questionnaire is the best instrument for the survey in this case because, for a correlation study the sample sizes have to be very large as it is quantitative in nature, so surveying so many people with personal interviews or observations would be next to impossible. With questionnaires, no responses of the respondents can be missed out. It gives more time to the respondents to think and then give the answers. And it is a quicker and cheaper way to conduct the survey. Questionnaires can be conducted in any environment, with minimum influence of the outside environment. Questionnaires also have the advantage of keeping the personal details of the respondents confidential. A sample of the questionnaire has been attached in the appendix.

Critical review of a research paper from the literature Essay

Orthotic devices, though very useful in treating lower extremity injuries, have become very expensive, which makes many patients be unable to afford them. This proves to be a challenge to the many patients in need of these healthcare services. As a result of this, semi-custom alternatives were introduced in the market in order to act as alternatives to successful treatment of these injuries (Zifchock and Davis 2008: 1287). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the success of these devices, especially when treating people who have extreme cases of either high or low arches. A research was subsequently carried out in a laboratory which was equipped to analyse the comfort levels and rearfoot kinematics of the subjects. These subjects were thirty seven in number and were subjected to various tests, which included their behavior under semi-orthotics, custom orthotics and no-orthotic conditions. The findings of the study showed that both semi-orthotics and custom orthotics had reasonably high success rates in the reduction of excursion and eversion velocity. The custom orthotics had a higher success rate in reducing the eversion excursion. However, the semi-orthotics realised higher success rates in comfort among high arched subjects, especially in the arch and heel regions. Generally, the research findings proved that the semi-orthotics were reasonably practical alternatives to custom orthotics in terms of controlling the rearfoot motion and comfort. Critical review. The authors begin the paper by explaining the success of the foot orthotics, which they place at 75%. They also explain the uses of these devices with regards to correction of deformities, and they explain that the devices are used in extreme problems that occur in the lower part of the body. Such areas include the Achilles tendonitis and the anterior knee. The authors further explain the reasons behind the success of these devices, and their prohibitive costs which make many people be unable to afford them. The authors in this case have discussed a lot about the orthotics but have not really defined what they are. In fact, a lay man, may have no idea of what the subject of the study is. The authors should have began by explaining that foot orthotics are special devices that correct or support musculoskeletal abnormalities or deformities, that occur in the lower parts of the human body, such as the legs (Advanced Orthotic Designs 2008). They should have explained the nature of these devices through the use of a diagram, if possible. The authors further explain the prohibitive nature in the cost of these orthotic devices and go further to give the price range, which they place between $100 and $400. The authors must be commended for giving the price range, since it gives the readers of the article an insight of how affordable these devices are. However, the authors may have gone further and explained the reasons for this large price range and explained which types of orthotic devices cost $100, and which ones cost $400. The semi-orthotics are thereafter introduced to the article, and the authors explain how they are made. They explain that moulds are created based on the measurements of a person’s foot, and also explain the cost benefits that are gained through this alternative. However, since the authors have not described how custom orthotics is developed, it is difficult to use the creation process of semi-orthotics described by the author to understand the difference between the two. The authors go on to describe the differences that people with excessively high and low arches face. They also go into detail explain the purpose of the study, which had been briefly discussed in the abstract page. The next phase is the introduction of the research methods. Research Methods. The research used a priori analysis, which only requires 18 subjects. The researchers used 37 subjects; 19 low-arched and 18 high-arched. It is clear that the number of low arched subjects were higher than the number of high arched subjects. Since the research tests the subjects in terms of low arch and high arch characteristics at this stage, it is fair to say that they should have both been given a level ground when testing these characteristics. The number of subjects should have been the same, in order not to introduce bias in the experiment (Yin 2003: 62-67). The fact that the low arched subjects are more increases the probability that testing them will produce a lesser margin of error, since the sample size is higher. The average age of the subjects was 23. 6 years, 66. 5 kilograms in weight and 1. 7 metres in height. There were 20 females and 17 males. The number of females is greater than that of males. Since the genders are being tested for similar characteristics, they should have been equal in number so that any conclusions made in terms of gender can be accurate. Since females are more, it means that there will be a lesser margin of error due to a larger sample size, as opposed to their male counterparts. Any subjects who had injuries did not take part in the experiment, which is a good decision, since the injuries would have affected the results of the research. The measurement of the arches using an arch height index system of measurement is commendable since it is a very accurate system of measurement. Subsequently, measurements of the feet of these subjects were performed, and the plaster casts created by professionals. After being developed, the subjects received the casts without knowing if they were custom or semi custom. The decision not to inform the subjects was wise, since it would prevent bias or manipulation of results (Tansky and Heneman 2006: 123-125). However, the authors do not mention the checks and balances which were developed to prevent the manufacturers from manipulating the manufacturing process, which would have enabled them to manipulate the results. This is very important information which the authors did not give, since custom manufacturers are likely to manipulate the results to favour them and vice versa. Processing of data was done through the Visual 3D software, mixed ANOVAs amongst other means. Statistical significance used was 0. 05. The authors should have mentioned the various strengths and weaknesses of the data processing methods and other hardware and software used. The conflict of interest notes at the end of research briefly explains some of these concerns. Results. The general results indicated that both the semi orthotics and the custom orthotics considerably reduced excursion and eversion velocity. The custom orthotic significantly reduced eversion velocity in comparison to the no-orthotic conditions. This was similarly observed in the semi-orthotic conditions. When comfort was analysed, the findings revealed that the semi-orthotic devices significantly improved comfort in the heel region, in high arched individuals. These findings reveal that the semi custom orthotic is just as effective as the custom orthotic. However there is a lack of clear information on the exact differences between the two, in terms of superiority. It is not disclosed if indeed the custom orthetics are superior to the semi-custom orthetics. The major aim of the experiment appears to be the measurement of performance of the custom orthetics and the semi-orthetics, in relation to the characteristics of the subject of the study. There is very little comparison between the two types of orthetics, on their own. We cannot therefore tell which is superior, and for what reasons. This can be said to be one weakness of the study. Methodology. The authors used case studies, academic journals as sources of information. These methods of collecting information can be classified as secondary sources of information. This is because they are obtained from research carried out by other people. According to Gall et al. (2003: 78-83), advantages of using academic journals include the fact that they more reliable than most sources of information, since they are written by scholars who are experts in the field of study. This makes the probability of making errors or having bias reasonably low. They can also be accessed at low costs over the Internet and cover a wide range of topics. Finally, according According to Kothari (2005: 53-62), they are useful when carrying out exploratory studies, where there is limited information on the subject of the study. However, just as other sources of secondary data, there are limitations of using these forms of data (Maxwell 2000). The first weakness of the use of secondary sources of data is the inability to seek confirmation or further explanations from the authors of the work. This is due to the reason that unlike some methods of collecting data such as observation, there is a very low possibility of seeking audience with the authors and getting further explanations on the topic of study. According to Steinberg (2004), another weakness is that the researchers face the possibility if relying on biased information when conducting their research, which may distort their findings. If the original author was biased when conducting the research, then relying on the same information may lead to inaccurate findings and conclusions. However, it has been seen that the possibility of this risk has been reduced through the use of academic journals when conducting the research. Finally, the authors must be commended for conducting a comprehensive research, judging from the vast number and credibility of the references. They used over twenty references, most of which are academic journals, which enabled them to acquire a detailed report on the subject of study. Conclusions and recommendations. The overall research paper has been seen to have relied on a comprehensive research, judging from the validity of the references. The research method was also consistent with the expectations of this type of experiment. However, there were a few flaws that needed to be addressed. In analyzing the format of a research paper, it becomes clear that the hypothesis is missing from this research. The statement of hypothesis is absent, and though the authors explain the intention of the research, the lack of it may make some people question the authenticity and validity of the research paper (Creswell 2000: 52-58). Another weakness that was discussed involved the use of secondary sources of data to obtain information. The authors did not present these weaknesses to the readers, or other people who will rely on the same research when conducting future researches. In future, they should explain the weaknesses of the studies in order for readers to know the risks involved when relying on the same (Hinkel 2005: 239). In summary, the research can be said to be a success, since the weaknesses are far much lesser than the strengths of the research. Bibliography. Advanced Orthotic Designs. 2008. What is an orthotic device? Retrieved on January 19, 2009 from . Creswell, J. W. 2002. Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. New York: SAGE Gall, M. D. , Borg, W. R. , Gall, J. P. (2003). Educational research: An introduction. New York: Longman. Hinkel, E. 2005. Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning. London: Routledge. Kothari, C. R. 2005. Research Methodology: Techniques & Methods. New York: New Age Publishers. Maxwell, J. A. 2000. Qualitative research design. Retrieved on January 19, 2009 from . Steinberg, D. M. 2004. Social work students research handbook. Retrieved on January 19, 2009 from . Tansky, J. W. , Heneman, R. L. (2006). Human Resource Strategies for the High Growth Entrepreneurial Firm. London: IAP. Yin, R. K. 2003. Case study research methods and designs. New York: SAGE. Zifchock, R. A. , Davis, I. 2008. A comparison of semi-custom and custom foot orthotic devices in high and low arched individuals during walking. Retrieved on January 19, 2009 from .

Essay on Not Sure

Essay on Not Sure Essay on Not Sure A Man Who Haunts Me My grandmother lives in the country near a large pond with brown, murky water and a small property crowded with trees. I dread visiting my grandma’s house because I usually have to go into the den where memories of my grandfather make me feel depressed. When I walk in to my grandma’s house, I am forced to pass through the den where my grandfather spent most of his time, and unpleasant memories begin swirling in my head. This small, dark room is stuffed with a worn out, brown sofa and a brown, fake-leather loveseat, but all I see is the old, lumpy chair that was my grandfather’s. Even though it has been re-covered in an itchy, tweed fabric, his chair stills emits a musty odor. I never dared to sit in the old man’s chair because he used it like a throne to rule the lives of everyone in the house. The few worn books on the shelf remind me of his raspy voice reading aloud as I sat â€Å"listening† in a state of total boredom. Now when I sit musty ugly chair, I look on the mantle and I see an old Air Force picture of my grandpa and three member of his gangs. They were dressed in a colorless flight clothes, they stood up close to an old airplane. It is next to one of his pictures when he was young. This picture reminded me of his bad behavior. His gray hair is thin and he had some spots on his face because of the time he worked outdoors. His blue eyes reflected trouble in his life for a while. But his malice smile always flowered on his face. The right side of his

Blend Wing Body

The structure design of bended wing body aircraft for commercial airline transport By Yue Sung (Lance) Fung 10/17/2012 Introduction Today many new design aircraft concept use blended wing body theory, one of the biggest challenge of this aircraft is to design a strong and pressurized structure for safe commercial Airline transport. According to V. Mukhopadhyay the structure of Blended-Wing -Body (BWB) flight vehicle has been a one of the major challenging problem for many year. By comparing the fuselage of a conventional aircraft which is a cylinder shape, the stress level of a flatter shoebox shape type BWB fuselage has a higher magnitude ,because the internal pressure causes blending stress of the whole fuselage instead of the stress act on the skin membrane. Due to the primary design of the conventional fuselage structure are focus on membrane stress, a new design and material are needed ,in order to increase the bending moment of inertia without increase the weight requirement while the aircraft is pressurized . Although a whole flowing Blended Wing Body fuselage provide structure weaker and no as pressurize as conventional aircaft, but new designs of the blended wing body aircraft structure can provide satisfying stress, deflection and buckling safety factors, pressurized body during the critical flight and ground loads. There are three articles discussed in this literature review. According to R. H. Liebeck, the BWB structure is separated into two major components: the centerbody and the outer wings. The Y braced box type fuselage design structure concepts was based on a thick stringer outer surface structure, where the stringers are about 5–6 in. deep in order. Then using internal ribs have Y braces where they meet the skin, to reduce the bending moment on the skin created by the internal pressure across the center body and the outer wing. As a result ,the complete center body pressure vessel is  omposed of the upper and lower surface panels, the rounded leading edge the rear main spar, the outer ribs and the internal ribs payload and does not carry wing bending loads therefore the load can equally balanced however the cabin inside of the aircraft is hard to keep pressurized for commercial flight. At the same time , V. Mukhopadhyay has been stated that using the alternative multi bubble structure configuration instead create a whole body structure on a BWB aircraft. The multiple bubbies body can easily apply to the BWB aircraft internal structure, where the center distance between each segment was kept as same as the radius, therefore the outer side and the inner cabin wall junction are facing 120 degree each other, as a result a equal angel geometry given an advantage structure when the membrane stress equilibrium force acting between the cabin wall and the outer shell by balanced by inter cabin wall tensioning, which can keep the inter cabin more pressurized. Comparison to V. Mukhopadhyay , L. U. Hansen, stated that the loading of the structure leads to high bending loads in every part of the cabin can be reduced by structural elements carrying the vertical force components in result the reduce the blending force in the cabin which keep the fuselage pressurized . The solution is to use a strong structural components panel in the membrane which connecting both upper and lower side of the fuselage ,and there are four fuselage surface composite panel configurations were analyzed and optimized for minimum weight, under required internal pressure and estimated compressive loads with both stress and buckling constraints. Although the skin/stringer outer surface structure can apply to the whole structure of the BWB with really strong component against the blend stress , the fuselage surface composite panel also will be a good consideration for strengthen the structure of the outer body of BWB aircraft since it can enlarge the skin stress of the aircraft the keep it more pressurize. Yet the multiple bubbies cylinder configuration can be most effective when it applied to the center body of BWB because of the circulate configuration will reduce the membrane stress and easier to keep the fuselage pressurized than skin/stringer configuration. Discussion R. H. Liebeck method can applied to can applied to the blended wing body aircraft while the Y braces box structure is really sturdy over the upper and lower surface panels, the rounded leading edge the rear main spar, the outer ribs and the internal ribs payload. The design does included carry wing bending loads therefore the load can equally balanced . However the design cabin pressure load is experienced on every fight and fatigue becomes the design conditions. Since the structure is no in a circle it cause the cabin pressure loads are taken in bending, the margin required for aluminum could be forbidden , therefore and advance carbine composite. Other studies said that if the structure are not built by composite material the structure of the BWB will be heavier than the conventional aircraft which in result having less advantage of building BWB aircraft as predicted . Although the Y braces with skin and stringer structure from R. H. Liebeck article will required higher weight without advance composite, L.U. Hansen, stated that the BWB body aircraft outer shell structure can be connect with different type of the . The strong structural components panel can be bonded and connect each other , the different size of the panel and represented the different airfoil surface of the BWB aircraft. When compared to the stringer and the membrane , components panel on every can provide better connecting both upper and lower side of the fuselage also it blend moment can be reduced by structural elements carrying the vertical force. The challege of the design is to hold the panels connection during higher G loading and abnormal maneuver ,and the each panel have to the make it as less tolerance as possible to reduce the induce drag and the turbulence drag from the gap from each panel. To improve the first two solution, the alternative solution state by V. Mukhopadhyay is to use the multiple bubbies fuselage ,during the experiment the multiples cylinder body can remodel the advantage of the pressurized cylinder body of the conventional aircraft. The experimental result shown the design loaded of the cylinder fuselage his the same pressure stress and loading when using the two bubbies and three bubbies structure. When the number bubbies structure increase the pressure loading decreased while the blend moment increase. Although compare to the first two method the blending moment may if the bubbies number increase to three of four , however the design show that the pressurized load of the multiple bubbies construction can provide more pressure load than the skin / string structure and the component panel structure. From the test result of V. Mukhopadhyay article Von-Mises stress of the top surface of the aircraft combined the top and bottom internal cabin pressure. These stresses were well within allowable limits and about 25% lower than the four-bubble design with about 10% increase in unit weight/floor area. Therefore multi-bubble fuselage appear to be significantly better compared to the component panel design and Y brace skin / string structure. As future evidence, NASA build a unmanned BWB aircraft to optimize the structure design due reality flight situation, their structure design was using the multiple bubbles Structure and component panel adding on top and the bottom to prevent the blend moment. The multi-bubble type fuselage which has better stress distribution, for same material and dimension, can be the most effective , further design will be more focus on the combination of the component panel with multiple bubbies fuselage with can reduce the blending force and buckle force while keeping the pressure loading which required for commercial flight.

Introdyction to psycological theories and issues Essay

Introdyction to psycological theories and issues - Essay Example According to this theory, the individual inherits all his behaviours due to the complex interaction of genes. Most of his characters and behaviours remain constant throughout his life, as outside environments do not affect his individuality in any way. His individuality is predetermined. From this standpoint, types and characteristics measured with personality are constant and even if we sharpen our wits, types and temperaments to some extent successfully, we can never change them. We do as our genes dictate. As Darwin’s theory was applied to this psychological theory, it also implies that our personality connects with the secondary theory of natural selection for survival of the fittest. Distinct personality and individual differences differentiate a person from the commonalities. One of the main personality theories, Nurture theory, connects with the Operant Conditioning of Thorndyke who talks about conditioning of man, dog or any other animal through conditioning or nurture. Every situation that is connected with the nurturing of a child till it grows up and even later as an adult produces a positive or negative reinforcement of the behaviour in the individual. Nurture theory says that every behaviour depends upon the atmosphere, circumstances, education, bringing up of a child, teachers, friends, well-wishers, neighbours, community, society, and the results of a person’s behaviour are all responsible for his personality. It argues that nature or genetics, or heredity have nothing to do with the personality of the individual. Here life becomes a saga of actions and reactions. Skinner applied this theory on the experiments like training an animal, through rewarding or punishing and assessing how the animal gets used to a certain behaviour, showing absolutely no signs of his hereditary behaviour, but adapting himself to an entirely new behaviour, a result of the present nurture. There is no doubt that nurture through education, training and